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Daily Archives: March 8, 2023
A State Built on Sand: How Opium Undermined Afghanistan
在全球毒品政策的辯論似乎不斷變化的時候,有關世界毒品問題的書籍出版自然引起關心。 聯合國麻醉藥品委員會及其早些時候的大會特別會議都看到了對改革現行藥物管制制度的日益增長的需求。 然而,世界各地實際進行的大部分改革仍局限於國家和國家以下各級政府。 辯論仍然大致分為支持嚴格控制和禁止的一方和主張減少危害、非刑事化甚至合法化的一方。 長期以來,阿富汗罌粟生產的波動也一直與人們對該國的看法有關,例如塔利班於 2000-1 年實施種植禁令之後。 國際社會隨後對罌粟進行管制的嘗試與其自身的國家建設項目密切相關,種植水平的提高被那些在 Helmand、Nangarhar 和Kandahar 等罌粟種植省帶頭髮展的國際捐助者引用為失敗的證據。 在 A State Built on Sand: How Opium Undermined Afghanistan 中,David Mansfield 沒有選擇立場,而是退後一步,認為任何關於法律條款(管制與禁止毒品)的辯論似乎都超前於阿富汗的現實,那裡沒有足夠的國家 有效管制或禁止罌粟種植( p xvi )。 Mansfield 基於其廣泛的實地經驗,分析了自 2000 年以來阿富汗禁煙的四次不同嘗試。他迴避此類禁令是否必要的問題,他的主要論點是,考慮到所涉及的地方復雜性,它們的有效性和可持續性會有所不同,並且在一定程度上可以預測,例如通過查看一個地區是否有國家直接統治或有限國家地位的歷史。Mansfield 呼籲進行更“細緻入微的分析 nuanced analysis”( p 9 ),而不是經常看到的“粗略的政策選擇 broad-brush policy … Continue reading
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