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Daily Archives: April 8, 2023
Ecce Humanitas: Beholding the Pain of Humanity
人類是個奇怪的存在。是,奇怪的存在。人既善亦惡;一方面既相信神聖性,但也會用神聖性為惡。Brad Evans 的 書 “Ecce Humanitas: Beholding the Pain of Humanity” 圍繞一個悖論展開。 一方面,神聖的概念被視為人類生命的任何價值所必需的。 我們的生命是有價值的,這個想法是正確的,因為我們每個人都參與或成為神聖的一部分。 然而(這就是悖論)神聖也是允許最大和最終暴力的元素。 EVANS長期以來一直研究暴力,他參與的哲學傳統可以追溯到 Georges Bataille 和 René Girard等思想家,在這種傳統中,暴力與神聖的概念有著內在的聯繫,並表達了神聖的概念。 EVANS對現代無盡恐怖的解釋是,神聖在世俗化的過程中失去了自己的內在界限和內在禁忌,允許我們這個時代固有和普遍存在的不受約束的暴力形式 . 矛盾的是,正是讓人類生命有價值的東西,也是讓我們肆意謀殺彼此的東西。 西方的歷史,也許尤其是一部暴力不僅過度而且似乎受到積極和熱切追捧的歷史:因此,奴隸制、種族滅絕、帝國主義、殖民主義、全球資本主義的蹂躪、暴力 全球變暖,所有這些不僅表明了殺害和傷害他人的可能性,而且還表明人們深切而持續地渴望這樣做。 面對這一切,EVANS提出了一個非常簡單的問題,為什麼? 他並沒有假設暴力是生來就存在於人類之中(這種解決方案隨後就變成了一種簡單的姑息療法,一種減少但不會結束我們暴力傾向的方法),而是試圖發現是什麼扭曲了我們,以至於暴力變得如此普遍,所以,很自然地和平的想法被認為是一個長期追求但從未實現的目標。儘管在如此多的政治和社會理論著作中,本書的大部分內容都致力於一系列批評,而且作者通常只在最後一段提出任何類型的解決方案 ,EVANS實際上已經採用了最後一段並將其擴展到一本書的長度。 在思考暴力的根源及其與神聖的關係時,EVANS深入挖掘以便更好地思考要做什麼。 他告訴我們,神聖概念的核心是一個更基本的概念,即虛無。 空虛是可怕的未知(也許對應於雅克·拉康所說的“真實”),它是神聖本身的起源。 面對人類的脆弱性,面對我們的死亡和受苦的能力,空虛代表著一種可能性,即這些都不重要,我們在這裡是隨機的,我們的生活沒有真正的意義。 神聖的發展是為了掩蓋這個深淵,堅持認為是的,生命確實有意義,我們確實有目的。 但這就是事情變得複雜的地方,尤其是在神聖與暴力關係的現代版本中。 因為人類目的的問題是如此核心和重要,價值的表達和分配方式在某種意義上成為政治問題。 誰算得上是人的問題——用朱迪思·巴特勒的話來說,誰應該感到悲傷,誰不應該——變成了一種越來越血腥和可怕的計算形式。 EVANS最原始的見解之一是他理解神聖總是一種調節機制。 在掩蓋虛空的過程中,神聖制定了規則,不僅在如何評價人類方面,甚至在構成人類存在的限制和禁忌方面。 在早期的神聖實例中當然有暴力,但是一種元級規則手冊傾向於限制所採取的暴力的範圍和種類(埃文斯深入探討的一個主題是犧牲,一種有限的暴力形式,可以避免 … Continue reading
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