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Daily Archives: April 15, 2023
Anthropocene or Capitalocene?: Nature, History, and the Crisis of Capitalism
戰後人類進入七十多年的和平,雖然冷戰而致東西對抗的格局從未终止。但整體社會的發展確也算是人類史上的空前。可如今從俄烏戰爭到 Emmanuel Macron 的言論而至神奇國度混淆觀念的肆虐橫飛;而至地球環境污染的嚴重性都預示着人類已進入了另一世度。 21 世紀,公眾的想像力被這樣一種觀念所佔據,即人類對地球地質和生態系統的影響是如此廣泛和深刻,以至於它們實際上開啟了地球歷史上的一個新紀元。 生物學家 Eugene Stoermer 在 1980 年代提出,這個假設的新紀元可能被稱為人類世 Anthropocene(字面意思是“人類的新時代”),大氣化學家和諾貝爾獎獲得者 Paul Crutzen 在 2000 年的一篇開創性論文中重複了這個術語。 雖然人類世尚未被指定地質時代的任何主要科學組織正式承認,而且科學家們對它可能何時開始存在相當大的分歧,但越來越多的證據表明人類活動對地球和氣候造成了前所未有的影響 系統實際上確保“人類世”將無限期固定為公共話語的一部分。 然而,近年來,一群受過 Marx 和 Engels 生態社會主義傳統訓練的思想家發起了對人類世概念的批判,認為它含蓄地指責全人類造成了生物多樣性和物種喪失、碳排放的有害影響 、海洋退化、森林砍伐和其他對我們生物圈造成的壓力。 他們沒有責怪全人類——包括世界上數十億最貧窮的人,他們消費和污染很少——他們認為更準確的做法是將責任歸咎於全球化的資本主義關係體系,該體系的前提是假設無限的複合增長 在資源有限的星球上是可能的。 這使我們陷入了不可持續的生產和消費模式,因此出現了“資本新世”。 最近的系列是人類世還是資本世? 自然、歷史和資本主義的危機,由 Jason W. Moore 編輯,提供了對這種生態社會主義批判的新視角,應該有助於任何致力於擴展他們對當前生態危機的理解的人。 對於 Jasons Moore 編輯的合集 “Anthropocene or … Continue reading
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