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Daily Archives: August 1, 2023
The Quality of Life: Aristotle Revised
斯多葛學派 Stoics 相信,或者試圖相信,幸福完全取決於美德。然而,無論我們的經歷是好還是壞,無論是滿意還是厭惡,都與我們的幸福無關。 事實上,根據 Richard Kraut 的說法,我們的幸福完全取決於我們體驗的質量。這種觀點被他稱為 “體驗主義 experientialism”,就像享樂主義一樣,是對幸福的客觀描述。但是,與享樂主義不同,它不是一元論的。雖然享樂主義者聲稱幸福完全是愉快的體驗,但 “體驗主義” 承認有多種形式的體驗有助於我們的幸福。Kraut 認為,許多作為我們幸福的重要組成部分的經歷都源於或可能存在於我們作為人類的自然力量的發展和運用中。儘管快樂是美好的體驗之一,但它是一種 “低階的美好 lower-order good”。 ( p 70, note 29) 還有其他形式的體驗比單純的快樂更能促進幸福;至多對我們的生活質量有間接影響。從 Aristotle 關於這個話題的想法開始,Kraut 逐漸修改(有時甚至拒絕)這一立場。 他認為,幸福就在於我們體驗世界的方式。良好的內心生活在一定程度上包括快樂,但更有價值的是我們情感、智力、社交和感知體驗的質量。與許多其他動物相比,這些提供了更豐富、更深入的生活質量的潛力。美好的人類生活比只享受營養之樂的簡單生物的生活要好得多 。即使它能享受數百萬年的快樂,人類的生活也會更加優越。當代關於幸福的討論常常訴諸 Robert Nozick 設計的思想實驗,與此相反,Kraut 得出的結論是,我們的生活質量完全取決於我們經歷的質量。雖然其他人認為我們必須生活在 “現實世界 real world” 中才能過得好,而且一個人的內心生活本身幾乎沒有價值或根本沒有價值,但 Kraut 對這一思想實驗的解釋支持了相反的結論。 很難想像還有比 Kraut 在本書中提供的更全面、更富有想像力、更博學、更細緻論證的 “體驗主義” … Continue reading
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