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Daily Archives: September 13, 2023
A Critical Introduction to Fictionalism
“A Critical Introduction to Fictionalism” 提供了對現實主義/實在論的重要替代方案的清晰而全面的理解。本書借鑒了倫理學、宗教哲學、藝術、數學、邏輯和科學的問題,全面探索了“虛構主義 Fictionalism”如何與其他非現實主義學說進行對比,並激發了對一系列哲學問題有影響力的虛構主義處理。 這部通俗易懂的概述對有影響力的以及新興的虛構主義方法進行了辯護和批評,討論了物理對象、共相、上帝、道德屬性、數字和其他虛構實體。在可能的情況下,它吸取了有關對一類物品進行虛構主義處理的合理條件的一般教訓。將虛構主義與其他關於物品存在的觀點區分開來,它解釋了這個關鍵形上學主題的中心特徵。 “A Critical Introduction to Fictionalism” 以歷史調查、關鍵術語的定義、重要細分的特徵、虛構主義的反對和問題以及當代虛構主義對幾個問題的處理為特色,對於形上學的學生和哲學方法論的學生來說是一個寶貴的資源。 這是同類中唯一的一本書。 人們常常會說一些話,但經過反思後,他們就會迴避。我們可能會在不經意間說出以下任何一句話: 1)今天人們的平均壽命比 100 年前要長; 2)每隔幾分鐘就有一個人出生; 或者 3) 今天早上6 點 05 分太陽升起了。 但是,當你向我指出這些說法分別意味著,有一個獨特的個體(即普通人)擁有多重生命,有一個個體一次又一次地出生,並且太陽公轉在地球周圍,我可能會否認後一種說法。 這是怎麼回事? 你可能會認為我要么瘋了,要么很壞。也就是說,你可能會認為我要么在撒謊,要么頭腦糊塗。但這兩種歸因都不是寬容性的。如果我在撒謊,那我就做得很糟糕。我很難欺騙你去相信一些你不相信的關於一個重生了無數次的奇異個體的事情,我也不可能讓你相信太陽以意想不到的方式移動。如果我糊塗了,當你向我指出其中的含義時,為什麼我不立即撤回對陳述(1)-(3)所表達的命題的承諾呢? 我需要心理治療嗎? Stephen Yablo “If-thenism” 中指出,哲學中的許多問題都採取這種形式。他稱這些危機為 “人質危機 hostage crises”,“人質危機是因為它們涉及一項(相對)薄弱、無辜的主張和一項(相對)重大、有爭議的主張; 第一個是第二個的人質,因為第二個必須保持,否則第一個就會失敗”。如果我們想避免對重大主張的承諾,而不撤回對微不足道的無辜主張的承諾,我們需要做一些解釋。 傳統上,哲學家試圖解決人質危機,指出人質危機的出現只是因為我們假設陳述(1)-(3)等的言論都是斷言,並且這些陳述是字面意義的並且應該按其表面價值來理解。 否認這些主張應該從字面上或表面上理解的問題是,這種方法似乎是絕望的。陳述(1)-(3)以及其他類似的陳述看起來不像隱喻或修辭格,而且它們看起來並不像是其含義被其表面結構隱藏。 … Continue reading
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