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Daily Archives: December 4, 2024
Plants and the Human Brain
我們大多數人早上都會喝一杯咖啡或茶,我們中的許多人偶爾會吃一些巧克力,有些人會抽煙或服用草藥補充劑,有些人會使用非法藥物。我們對這些不同產品的精神活性成分對人類大腦功能產生影響的機制了解很多,但它們為何產生這些影響的問題幾乎完全被忽略了。我們都熟悉植物源化學物質可以影響人腦功能的想法。 “Plants and the Human Brain” 不僅描述了植物和真菌衍生的化學物質如何影響人腦,更重要的是描述為什麼對人腦產生影響。最後一個問題的答案部分取決於陸地世界的兩種主要生命形式:植物和昆蟲,以及「次級代謝物 secondary metabolite」植物化學物質試圖發揮的許多生態作用;例如,保護植物免受食草昆蟲的侵害,同時吸引昆蟲傳粉媒介。答案還在於哺乳動物、植物和昆蟲的交叉遺傳遺產以及這三個類群之間令人驚訝的生物學相似性。特別是它圍繞著昆蟲和人類大腦之間的密切對應,以及植物和人類共享的細胞間信號傳導路徑。 “Plants and the Human Brain” 描述並討論了植物化學物質如何以及為何影響大腦功能,涉及三大類次級代謝物:生物鹼,它為我們提供了多種毒物、一些致幻劑和大多數濫用藥物。酚類物質,構成我們天然飲食的重要且有益的部分;萜烯是一組多功能化合物,為我們提供大麻的活性成分和多種草藥萃取物。 xxxxxxxxxx “Plants and the Human Brain” 一書稱,人類和昆蟲大腦之間的相似性可能是人類被植物源化學物質(如茶、咖啡、菸草和毒品)所吸引的原因。 儘管有許多關於植物源化學物質如何與大腦相互作用並影響我們的行為、情緒、心理和身體功能的研究,但很少有人研究這些化學物質為什麼會產生這些影響。Newcastle 的Northumbria 大學的 David Kennedy 教授認為,他的書 “Plants and the Human Brain” 中回答了為什麼人腦會受到植物化學物質影響的問題。David Kennedy 教授認為,人類和昆蟲大腦之間的相似性可以解釋為什麼人類會受到植物源化學物質的影響,並在某些情況下被植物源化學物質所吸引。他指出,人類大腦從根本上來說只是昆蟲大腦更複雜的版本,具有許多驚人的相似之處和行為模式。其中包括使用完全相同的神經傳導物質、受體和生理過程。 David Kennedy 解釋說:植物進化到與它們最近的鄰居昆蟲的大腦相互作用,透過吸引它們授粉、排斥它們或阻止它們吃植物組織來生存。因此,進化出針對昆蟲大腦的植物化學物質對人類大腦也有同樣的影響。人類與改變大腦功能的植物化學物質有著長期而密切的關係。我們大多數人早上都會喝杯茶或咖啡,許多人會抽煙;少數人吸食大量毒品,如古柯鹼、嗎啡或大麻。如果你把我們認為是社會藥物的化學物質給予昆蟲,它們的行為變化往往與人類身上看到的驚人相似。例如,咖啡因和安非他明使昆蟲更加活躍,減少困倦,LSD使它們感到困惑,可卡因使蜜蜂跳舞,嗎啡可以減輕昆蟲的疼痛。所有這些化學物質也會阻止昆蟲吃植物組織,並且在較高劑量下對它們致命。 David … Continue reading
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