十九世紀科學興起,歐洲工業革命起步。哲學,當其時以形上學,所謂思辨哲學為主,所遇到的難題並不是完全由那些認為形上學無意義的人所引起,反而是由那些被攻擊者自己所引起,科學的興起、信仰的退隱,神學的危機始於神學家「上帝已死」的對話,同樣哲學、形上學的危機也發生在哲學家宣佈哲學與形上學已死(實証哲學的台頭),即以Husserl的現象學的口號:回到事物本身。這口號的反歷史與反形上學就已相當吸引當時學界的注目了。
但更早的在哲學上宣佈上帝之死的不是尼采,而是Hegel。Hegel在1802年所出版的《信仰與知識》中已言「現代宗教裏暗藏的普遍情緒是:上帝已死」。很明顯「上帝已死」並非始自Nietzsche,為什麼Hegel會這樣說呢?正如當時的歷史呈現:學界上科學的興起,人普遍地遍向了有實証性的理論、政治上拿破崙的崛起亦使歐洲有機會步入統一之中,經濟上因科學的發展、蒸氣機的出現而帶來工業革命。所以當其時拿破崙進入德國時,Hegel都相信是歷史中絕對精的體現。所以連Hegel的《精神現象學the Phenomenology of Spirit》也以科學的嚴格性來自許
但對為何上帝已死?除了上述的歷史事實的衝擊外,Nietzsche在《查拉圖斯特拉如是說》則簡潔地答以:人殺死了上帝。所以Nietzsche並不天真地說上帝已死,而是正確地嗅出了時代的氣息,說明了是人殺死了上帝;而他的瘋也非因上帝之死,而是愛情:莎樂美對他的拒絕……
神的存在與否,從理性上來說只能步入Kant的二律背反之中。神,理性上言只能、只有是不可知論;從信仰上言神,則此非理性之事、非學理之事、非科學之事,嚴格言之:是個人取向之事。即以毛澤東之與人鬥、與天鬥(他不會說與神鬥,因他是無神論者!)也是意謂與環境鬥、生存之鬥。當然中國其後有大躍進、有文化大革命、批林批孔……而至走到今時今日中國的明是霸權而不認霸權,歷史上說,只是步歷代皇朝的後麈而已。這一切,不只是毛澤東個人的問題,是整個中國人的問題,是中國人 – 若然尚有中國人的話 – 的共業。
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