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Daily Archives: July 3, 2020
《體面的社會:一個組織和制度不羞辱人民的社會”The Decent Society”》
Rawls的正義指的是分配公平公正,那是在經濟分配和基本權利、基本人權特別被關注的時代所提出,而Avishai Margalit在本書提出不羞辱原則和尊重公民權利,在此基礎上建立了自己的社會哲學:體面的社會或文明的社會,其體制不以其職權侮辱人民,政治哲學迫切需要的是一種方式,將使我們能夠在不屈辱和有尊嚴的情況下生活在一起,其公民也不以彼此為恥,則顯現出當代社會面臨接納與排斥異己問題浮上檯面的困境,這些議題延續到了現在,更因為難民、移民、移工、全球化流動、傳染疾病等問題而更加顯著。 這個世界因應著現代化的發展,政府機構、社會組織所擁有的權力越來越大,而多數人以為民主社會就是服膺多數的社會,覺得犧牲少數是不得不為,但這種簡略的社會觀不斷被挑戰、被修正。Margalit的這本書從羅爾斯《正義論》出發,進一步來做合理性區辨——建立分配正義的社會是大家的期待,但在此之前,Margalit指出:「把有節制的社會(避免奴役或腐敗)放在首位,有品社會次之,正義社會最後。 這個次序是累進的,即有品社會必須先是有節制的社會,正義社會必須也是有品社會。」Margalit提出的「體面的社會」,一開始便下了定義:社會組織不羞辱人的社會。而之所以用反面定義,是因為正面定義會很模糊,比如「健康」,界定模糊或是各有說法,但「不健康」卻讓人較容易明白確切的定義分界。此外,消除人的痛苦也比讓人愉快更明確、更迫切。有品社會就是讓人民不會因為被組織和制度羞辱而產生痛苦的社會。 如今,大多數哲學關注點都是建立在自由與平等之間正確平衡基礎上的正義社會的理想。公正社會的理想是崇高的,但很難實現。體面的社會是一個理想,即使在我們孩子的一生中也可以實現。Judith Shklar提倡,我們應該首先擺脫殘酷。羞辱緊隨其後。建立一個體面的社會比建立一個公正的社會更為緊迫。 Margalit從我們居住的地方具體開始,所有令人髮指的屈辱行為使世界生活變得如此困難。他以Judith Shklar和Isaiah Berlin的精神具體辯論。這是一種社會哲學,抵制了所有促進道德懶惰的威脅性標籤,正如它敦促我們超越標記其他人類的行為一樣。不能將瑪格麗特指定為自由派或保守派。如果需要標籤,那麼最合適的是喬治·奧威爾的人文主義社會主義,它與動物農場社會主義的壓迫手段相去甚遠。Margalit對各種形式的屈辱的腐蝕作用進行分析後得出瞭如何變得正派,如何建立一個正直的社會。這是一本經過充分論證的書,更重要的是,這本書深受人們的青睞,它源於Margalit在東歐人與西方人,巴勒斯坦人與以色列人之間的衝突邊界地區的經驗。 回想起來傳媒中傳送着:有國才有家?! 首先,所謂“煸動顛覆政權”到底是甚麼意思?對於人民/老百姓而言,他們已經處於最底層,還能顛覆到甚麼層次?人民要的是生活上的保障、人身不受侵犯、遇到糾紛有人主持正義、產財有保障、行動有自由。所謂“有國才有家”若是正確的,那作為一個國家/政府不是正正要保障上述人民的這些需求嗎?那作為一個國家/政府的領導人、政治家所帶領的國家/政府,不是應該被視為能夠協助個人過着自主的、有體面的、不被羞辱的、互相尊重的生活的機構嗎?若然,怎會怕人民的聲音?人民對於一個能保障他們生活獲得穩定、個人過着自主的、有體面的、不被羞辱的、互相尊重的生活的國家/政府又怎會想去顛覆它呢? 一個國家/政府應該被視為能夠協助個人過着自主的、有體面的、不被羞辱的、互相尊重的生活的機構。
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