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Daily Archives: February 26, 2022
Activity, Diet and Social Practice: Addressing Everyday Life in Human Skeletal Remains
疫情的關係令到世界各地的活動減少。然而人類的日常活動對於社會認同的發展、社會地位的確立以及對社會規則的共同理解却很重要。這種觀點被廣泛地稱為實踐理論(practice theory *),並與總體社會結構的力量和其中存在的個體行為者有關。實踐理論對人類學和考古學研究都作出了重要貢獻,因為這些領域對日常生活和這些行動的重要性特別感興趣。 Activity, Diet and Social Practice: Addressing Everyday Life in Human Skeletal Remains 一書的作者荷蘭Leiden大學人類骨考古學助理教授Sarah Schrader認為,實踐理論也可以通過我們檢查人類骨骼遺骸和挖掘它們的考古環境來用於生物考古環境。生物考古學為這些日常經驗提供了獨特的視角: 骨骼組織不斷地經歷著變化的過程,作為一個活生生的生物系統,它可以適應外力。此外,生物考古研究是多標量的,可以檢查個人、群體或整個人群。 本書以活動模式(附著點變化、骨性關節炎)和膳食同位素(碳、氮)的骨學指標為例,闡述了古代日常生活的模式。 體育活動和食物消費是每天進行的活動。雖然生物考古學無法重現特定的日常活動,但我們可以評估日常生活中的廣泛趨勢。本書使用古代尼羅河谷的例子說明了這些要點。通過對來自五個不同考古遺址的 800 多名埃及和Nubian人進行檢查,該研究解決了與社會不平等、代理和實踐相關的日常生活模式。 除了活動和飲食模式的骨學指標之外,本書還討論了可以用來吸引人們注意日常生活的其他方法。最後,本書還強調了實踐理論對這一研究領域的適用性和潛在貢獻。 * 實踐理論(或行為學,社會實踐理論)是一種理論(或理論“家族”),旨在通過分析日常生活中的重複實踐來理解和解釋社會和文化世界。此一概念最早應該來自法國社會學家Pierre Bourdieu的“Outline of a Theory of Practice ” 實踐理論,正如美國人類學家Sherry Ortner所概述的:“試圖解釋一方面人類行為與我們稱之為‘系統’的某種全球實體之間的關係”(“Anthropology and Social Theory”,p2)。 該方法旨在解決古典社會理論中集體主義結構主義方法和個人主義方法行動理論之間的衝突,後者試圖用有意識的個人行為來解釋所有社會現象。所以這也被稱為結構-代理辯論(the structure -agency … Continue reading
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