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Daily Archives: April 8, 2022
Dignity, Rank, and Rights
關於人的尊嚴的作家大致分為兩種,一種是強調這一概念的社會起源及其在標記等級和等級方面的作用,另一種是追隨康德,將尊嚴建立在抽象和理想化的人類哲學概念中。 在這”Dignity, Rank, and Rights”講座中,Jeremy Waldron 力圖將這兩條線的有吸引力的特徵結合起來。 在第一講中,Waldron提出了一種尊嚴概念,該概念保留了其與等級和地位的古老聯繫,從而使他能夠挖掘豐富的歷史資源,同時避免許多人認為康德派的過度抽象和可疑的形而上學。與此同時,他主張一種人類尊嚴的概念,這種概念相當於對所有人的崇高地位的概括,因此達到了康德立場的吸引人的普遍性。 第二講特別關注尊嚴的重要性——以這種方式理解——作為一種定義個人與法律關係的地位:他們作為能夠自我適用法律、能夠提出和論證觀點、能夠對法律的要求作出回應,而不是粗暴的脅迫。 這兩個講座一起闡明了被視為權利基礎的尊嚴與被視為權利內容的尊嚴之間的關係;它們還闡明了關於尊嚴作為高尚舉止和尊嚴作為反對有辱人格待遇的權利主體的重要思想;它們幫助我們理解尊嚴在什麼意義上被更好地理解為一種地位而不是一種價值。
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Human Dignity, Human Rights, and Responsibility: The New Language of Global Bioethics and Biolaw
“人的尊嚴”作為一項基本人權被載入國際協定和國家憲法。世界醫學協會呼籲醫生尊重人的尊嚴並有尊嚴地履行職責。然而,人的尊嚴是一個術語——就像愛、希望和正義——可以憑直覺理解,但從未明確定義過。一些倫理學家和生物倫理學家不屑一顧;其他思想家指出它用於為特定意識形態服務。 在這本Human Dignity, Human Rights, and Responsibility: The New Language of Global Bioethics and Biolaw書中,Yechiel Michael Barilan對人類尊嚴和人權提供了迫切需要的、非意識形態的和徹底的概念澄清,將這些想法與當前倫理、法律和生物倫理學的問題聯繫起來。 結合社會歷史、思想史、道德神學、應用倫理學和政治理論,Barilan講述了人類尊嚴作為人權道德精神背景的故事。在將問題置於學術背景中之後,他提供了關於天象的形成性文本的解釋學;對人類尊嚴和脆弱性的價值進行哲學解釋;從自然、人文主義的角度提出全面的人權理論;探討道德地位問題;並將責任的價值視為美德倫理與人類尊嚴和權利之間的聯繫。 Barilan在他的理論主張中附有許多實際例證,將他的理論與生命倫理學中的問題聯繫起來,例如臨終關懷、克隆、墮胎、酷刑、精神上無行為能力者的治療、醫療保健權、人體器官市場、殘疾以及差異和隱私的概念,突出憲法和人道主義法中的許多相關法律方面。
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