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Daily Archives: July 14, 2022
The Rule of Violence :Subjectivity ,Memory and Government in Syria
以法治國(rule by law)說是法制,但是却是一種治理手段。‘’法‘’衹是一種工具。從社會羣體的組織而至殖民地、國家雛形的形成都有“法”的影子存在,也就是說有了法列(規矩)開始就有了法制。法制是統治者手上工具,無‘’獨立思想‘’的工具,它聽命於統治者。法制,說得不好聽就是一種以人為治。 在一個完美的世界裡,每個人都會遵守這個國家的法律。雖然絕大多數人都是守法公民,但也有很多人經常違法,有時甚至是出於惡意。 但實際行使和實施法律的方式可能不同,而且差異很大。這種理解分為兩類:法治(the rule of law)和依法治國(rule by law)。 什麼是法治(the rule of law)? 法治本質上是一個抽象的概念,它以哲學和道德概念為基礎。其最基本的租戶之一是所有人,無論是最低公民身份還是最高公民身份,無論是主權者還是政府統治者,在法律本身下都是平等的。簡而言之,這意味著任何人都不能凌駕於法律之上,任何違反法律的人都應該受到同樣的懲罰,無論在社會或當地社區中的地位如何。 它還與自然法的概念相關聯,該概念基本上聲稱,因為我們都屬於更大的人類社區,所以每個人都必須受到同樣的法律對待,擁有同樣的權利。 什麼是依法治國(rule by law)? 相比之下,法治是一個將管理當局視為凌駕於法律之上的概念,並且有權在他們認為方便的地方制定和執行法律,儘管它對人們享有的更大自由有影響。擴展這個概念,法治是政府和當權者用來塑造人民行為的方法,就治理國家而言,是群眾群體。這通常的最終目標是在心理上或有力地說服人們同意他們原本不會同意的政策決定。 另外,依法治國(rule of law)就是法治。法之上沒有任何人任何團體可以凌駕其上。‘’法‘’獲得其神聖獨立價值,不依從任何政治意願/目的而存在。如是「司法獨立」就是法從法制進展到法治的必然結果。 從上可覺察在威權/極權社會往往會以暴力去應對暴力,或者假借‘’法‘’以應對暴力: 依法治國。但在開放社會則總想以法治來應對暴力:法治 倫敦大學亞非學院(SOAS University of London )政治教授Salwa Ismail在“The Rule of Violence :Subjectivity ,Memory and Government in Syria”一書中考察了敍利亞在Hafez … Continue reading
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