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Daily Archives: January 26, 2023
The Mystery of Human Consciousness: How your mind constructs and controls reality
長期以來,科學家和哲學家一直在努力解釋大腦如何產生有意識的體驗。有些人懷疑科學的客觀工具是否能夠處理如此主觀的現象。即便如此,研究人員已經開始確定伴隨意識而來的大腦活動變化,並且他們對意識進化的原因也有了一些有趣的想法。 大腦如何從數十億個神經細胞的電活動中喚起有意識的意識,仍然是生命中懸而未決的重大問題之一。 我們每個人都知道我們有意識,有思想、知覺和感覺,但我們無法向任何人證明這一點。只有我們才能接觸到讓我們體驗那些思想、知覺和感受的神秘本質。 在 1990 年代,哲學家 David Chalmers 將這種無法接受外部客觀審查的情況描述為意識的“難題”。 他提出,對於科學家來說,一項更容易解決的任務是它的“神經關聯 neural correlates”——當人們有意識體驗時,大腦活動在何處以及如何發生變化。除了好奇之外,科學家們最有可能被激發去發現意識的神經關聯,以幫助診斷和治療意識障礙,例如持續性植物人狀態和一些精神疾病。 意識的三個維度 意識有幾個不同的維度可以衡量。其中最重要的三個是: 。覺醒或生理喚醒 。意識或有意識的心理體驗的能力,包括思想、感覺和知覺 。感官組織,或者不同的感知和更抽象的概念如何交織在一起以創造無縫的意識體驗。 這三個維度相互作用,時時刻刻產生我們的整體意識狀態。例如,當我們完全清醒時,我們處於高度意識狀態,但當我們在晚上漸漸入睡時,清醒和意識都會減弱。 在 REM(快速眼動)睡眠期間意識和生理覺醒恢復,這是最有可能發生生動夢境的時候。但這些感官體驗大多與外部刺激脫節,與清醒時將我們錨定在現實中的概念脫節。 以類似的方式,改變的意識狀態,例如由迷幻藥或低氧水平引起的意識狀態,涉及正常水平的覺醒但混亂的感官體驗。 這些可能包括聲音、氣味或視覺的幻覺,但也包括聯覺,通常是離散的感官之間存在串擾,例如喚起視覺體驗的聲音。 處於昏迷或麻醉狀態的人的覺醒和意識水平甚至可能低於非快速眼動睡眠期間的水平。 與此同時,在一種奇怪的混合意識狀態下,被稱為反應遲鈍的覺醒綜合症 unresponsive wakefulness syndrome,或植物人狀態,患者每天都會經歷睡眠和清醒的循環,但沒有任何意識跡象。 儘管他們長時間睜著眼睛,但他們不會表現出對外部刺激的行為反應。 其中一些患者將恢復有限的意識跡象,稱為“最低意識狀態 minimally conscious state ”,例如對指令做出反應或用眼睛跟隨移動物體的能力。 意識的神經關聯 處於不同意識狀態的患者提供了關於意識的神經關聯的重要線索。 功能磁共振成像 magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) … Continue reading
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