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Daily Archives: April 13, 2023
Adventures of Ideas
Whitehead 的目標是通過 “Adventures of Ideas” 闡明文明的概念。 他假設人類文明具有深遠的宇宙學意義。 文明生物在宇宙演化過程中出現的事實告訴我們一些關於自然的重要信息,甚至可能是宇宙的目的。 他的假設是,人類文明的興起體現了思想在宇宙起源冒險中的有效誘惑。 雖然將新穎的想法轉化為實際結果的過程可能很慢,但地球上生命的向上冒險證明了它們的力量。 他首先提醒讀者,歷史不僅僅是事實的集合。 如果向我們展示沒有任何理論解釋的赤裸裸的事實,我們只會看到聲音振動和彩色形狀的運動 ( p 3 )。 歷史是在當下講述的故事,通常作為我們形成自我理解的材料。 我們對歷史的想像與我們的形而上學和宇宙學預設密不可分。 Whitehead 聲稱,歷史研究揭示了一種普遍的二分法,即無意識的、通常是暴力的、強迫的和有意識地制定的願望之間的二分法。 人們“被他們的思想以及他們身體中的分子、智力和無意義的力量所驅動”( p 58 )。 懷特海列舉了無意識力量中的環境條件和技術生產的殘酷必需品(例如,煤炭、蒸汽、電力和石油的社會變革影響),以及軸心宗教和民主人道主義作為智慧願望的例子 ( p 8)。 雖然 Whitehead 本人是一個進步主義者(他參與了他那個時代的婦女權利和教育改革運動),但他告誡不要在錯誤的季節強加新思想的衝動堅持。 有時,在匆忙實施社會改進時,隨之而來的複雜性被忽略了,而試圖消除邪惡的嘗試最終會釋放出更多的邪惡 (20)。 “一個偉大的想法不應被認為只是等待足夠多的優秀[人]將其付諸實踐……背景中的理想是促進必要的公共習俗的逐漸發展,足以維持其例證的負荷” (p 26). 理想可能是出於好意,但考慮到自然和文化的複雜性(以及它們之間複雜的相互作用和不斷重疊),其實施的實際效果往往遠遠超出其有意識的意圖。 Whitehead 詳述了人類犧牲和奴隸制度,這些制度長期以來被所謂的文明民族所接受,作為繼承的本能行為超越更高理想的力量的例子。 “自由 … Continue reading
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