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Daily Archives: May 1, 2023
Our Fate: Essays on God and Free Will
宿命論離不開預知 foreknowledge 與自由意志。當代關於自由意志的辯論主要由兩個問題主導:“因果決定論是真的嗎?” 和 “自由意志與因果決定論相容嗎?” 這些問題對於我們在多大程度上對我們的選擇和行為負有道德責任的問題很重要。 道德責任不能脫離某種形式的自由意志和自決。與自由意志和因果決定論的(不)兼容問題平行的是自由意志和道德責任是否與神聖預知兼容的問題。John Martin Fischer) 研究了神聖預知、人類自由和道德責任之間的關係。本書 11 篇是以前發表的論文的合集。 Fischer 從一篇新的介紹性文章開始,在這篇文章中他總結、擴展和應用了其他文章中提出的分析要素 。他主要關注上帝的預知是否與人類不這樣做的自由相容的問題。 但他也注意到更重要的問題,即上帝的預知與人類道德責任的兼容性。 Fischer 試圖證明第一個問題的答案是否定的:上帝的預知排除了人類做其他事情的自由。 這似乎暗示第二個問題的答案也是否定的:上帝的預知與人類的道德責任不相容。 然而,Fischer 認為這並不成立,因為根據他的說法,道德責任並不要求自由去做其他事情。 Fischer 在他的書中為支持這些觀點而引用的一些主要論點到底如何? 神聖預知和做其他事情的自由是否可以調和? Fischer 指出,關於神聖預知與人類不這樣做的自由不相容的論證在重要方麵類似於因果決定論與不這樣做的自由不相容的論證。 這兩種論點都與 “過去的固定性 fixity of the past”有關( Ch. 6 )。 仍然存在相關的差異,必須考慮到這一點,因為關於道德責任的兩種論證的結論可能不同。 Fischer 討論了關於上帝的預知和人類不這樣做的自由不相容的不同論點( “不相容論的論點 the … Continue reading
Posted in 混沌一瓢酌 chaos
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Philosophy as Poetry
自從 Socrates 要求對 Homer 進行審查並將詩人從他心愛的共和國中放逐以來,哲學和詩歌的關係就一直不那麼文明。 例如,Hegel 認為詩歌不再能勝任代表絕對的任務,因此必須讓位於哲學。 站在詩人一邊,Keats在他的長詩 “Lamia” 中譴責“冷酷的哲學”將美從世界上抹去。 2004 年,美國實用主義哲學家 Richard Rorty 花了三天時間舉辦了名為 “Philosophy as Poetry” 的 Page-Barbour 講座。 它美麗的標題抓住了 Rorty 哲學的重要方面。書中指出,哲學與詩歌之間的衝突根源於哲學不願承認是想像力而非理性為人類思想設定了界限。 他寫道 “哲學與詩歌爭吵的核心”,“是對想像力一路下滑的恐懼。” 而 Rorty 作為 Shelley “ Defense of Poetry” 的好弟子,把 “詩歌 poetry” 和 “詩人 poet” 這兩個詞用得比較寬泛。 … Continue reading
Posted in 思一瓢酌 Thinking, 讀一瓢酌 Read
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