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Daily Archives: May 2, 2023
The Nazi Conscience
曾幾何時曾經聽過有人說:你有你的良知,我有我的良知。在此通過歷史我們會發現這句話曾經在納粹歷史具體呈現過。在我們試圖理解為什麼會發生大屠殺、安樂死計劃和其他此類暴行時,我們傾向於將納粹主義描述為反猶太主義、反現代和反自由主義。 雖然通過“反對”來定義納粹主義通常很方便,但除非我們也考慮納粹主義“支持”什麼,否則我們的知識是不完整的。 Claudia Koonz 教授的著作 “The Nazi Conscience” 正是這樣做的。 作者認為,該政權的不寬容是一種獨特的道德哲學的副產品。 該書以引人入勝的新視角審視了納粹精神,以及該黨用來使德國人民相信其事業的“正義”的方法。 Caudia Koonz 從一個重要觀點開始:“納粹良心不是矛盾修辭法”( p 1 ),強調德國人在納粹時代並沒有集體陷入猖獗的邪惡行徑。 相反,她假設在納粹政權的頭六年裡,德國人並沒有拒絕他們現有的道德準則,也沒有用瘋狂的反猶太主義和暴力正義取而代之。 相反,他們接受了一種新的納粹特有的道德觀,這種道德觀充滿了種族優越感、對祖國的熱愛和社區價值觀。 這種道德通過微妙但無處不在的信息滲透到德國的集體良知中,不僅由黨及其宣傳部門而且由學者、教師、科學家、藝術家和青年領袖證明和宣傳。 數以百萬計的德國人內化並接受了種族原教旨主義的新福音,這並不是因為惡毒的反猶太主義、對猶太人的惡毒攻擊或種族極端主義——大多數人都厭惡的行為和想法——而是通過不斷強化“積極的” 民族優越感。 在此過程中,該政權創造了一個易於識別的“他者”,即非德國人種 …… 這本書的中心主題是德國文化在納粹手中經歷的變革。 一個曾經受普遍人權倫理啟發的社會變成了一個將道德定義為只做對人民最有利的事情的社會。 Koonz 稱之為 “種族原教旨主義 ethnic fundamentalism”,並描述了納粹如何根據社區和種族純潔的 “積極 positive” 價值觀形成新的全國共識。 誠然,很難將 Adolf Hitler 視為“美德的踐行者”,但 Koonz 證明元首的公眾形象正是按照這樣的思路打造的。 … Continue reading
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