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Daily Archives: May 14, 2023
Unfair: The New Science of Criminal Injustice
法,不應末審先判;法,更不該具有追索立法前的一切。法律,無論在甚麼體制、情況下,目的都應在維護公道(fair/fairness )。公道在極權/威權社會固然難有保証,而公道即使在開放社會中亦充滿各種變數。尤其是人類心理所產生的種種問題更或多或少、間接或直接地影響着法的落實,自然也影響公道的呈現。 人類心理和法律體系之間究竟存在什麼關係? 被認為是襲擊的受害者或醉酒者——這對醫生治療你有影響嗎? 故意向嫌疑人撒謊並編造假證據以獲取口供是否常見? 暗示性訪談能否在證人不注意的情況下在證人中製造虛假記憶? 一個人在午休後是否更有可能獲得假釋? “嗯,也許吧,但不應該!” – 我相信你同意我的看法,希望這是對所有這些問題的及時回答。 然而,根據 Adam Benforado 的 “Unfair: The New Science of Criminal Injustice“,可悲但正確的回應是 “是的,確實如此!”:顯然,所有 (!) 相關方在刑事調查期間都參與了各種有偏見的行為,無一例外甚至在法庭上亦然。 有些人可能是故意這樣做的,但(甚至更危險) —— 有些人可能無意中這樣做,沒有意識到自己的偏見 ,最糟糕的是,他們堅信自己是公正和中立的。 “Unfair” 這本書講述了美國法律體系的許多問題:嫌疑人和受害者被看待和對待的方式 ,警察調查人員和律師有時不道德的操作原則,以及有缺陷和偏見的信念 法官、陪審團成員和公眾。 他們都來了,在一次徹底的、徹底的打擊中,Benforado 輪流向他們所有人發起進攻 —— 沒有俘虜任何人。 前九章中的每一章都專門介紹司法過程中涉及的典型角色之一:受害者(第 1 章)、偵探(第 2 … Continue reading
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