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Daily Archives: May 17, 2023
Beasts Of The Earth: Animals, Humans, And Disease
近年來我們都喜愛養寵物。回朔幾千年來,人類與其他動物的關係都非常密切。 最近的科學研究甚至表明,動物的存在對我們的身心健康有積極影響。 養寵物的人通常血壓較低,表現出較少的抑鬱症狀,而且往往會進行更多運動鍛煉。但動物與人類之間的關係也有陰暗面。 動物是有害傳染原的攜帶者,也是無數人類疾病的源頭。 近年來,艾滋病、SARS、禽流感、甚至最近的Covid-19 等備受矚目的疾病的出現引起了公眾的廣泛關注。但正如 E. Fuller Torrey 和 Robert H. Yolken 所揭示的,致命微生物從動物身上轉移到對人類來說,這既不是一個新問題,也不是一個容易避免的問題。從近 10,000 年前農場動物的馴化開始,地球上的野獸追溯了人類與動物接觸隨時間演變的方式。 今天,共享的生活區、重疊的生態系統、以及將器官或組織從非人類移植到人類體內的實驗性手術實驗,都為傳染性病原體的傳播開闢新的途徑。 人類行為的其他變化,如航空旅行的增加、食品自動化加工和生物恐怖主義的威脅,正在通過將微生物傳播到更遠的距離,像 Covid-19 般都幾乎立即傳播到更大的人羣來增加傳染因素。雖然作者敦促更好地了解過去的疾病可能會幫助我們減輕某些疾病的嚴重程度,他們還警告說,鑑於我們這個日益擁擠的星球,動物傳播的疾病在未來是否會對人類健康構成嚴重挑戰不是時間問題,而是頻率問題。 在 “Beasts Of The Earth: Animals, Humans, And Disease” 中,Torrey 和 Yolken 為我們提供了對許多人類疾病的動物起源的經過深入研究和精心編寫的描述。作者從定義微生物開始,清晰易讀地總結了遺傳學、分子生物學和疾病研究的知識現狀。 在他們的整個敘述中,他們還強調了生態因素和微生物之間的相互作用。作者描述了動物及其疾病對古代文明興衰的影響。 這本書追溯了人類與動物關係的歷史,隨著人類從獵人進化為村民、商人,以及最近的寵物主人和國際消費者,這一進化過程為微生物提供了通往新種羣和新地理區域的無限通行證。 作為這些病原體適應性的證明,本書描述了最近從亞洲和非洲部分地區出現的人畜共患感染給全球健康帶來的日益嚴峻的挑戰。 作者從遙遠的過去開始他們的歷史記錄,他們稱之為 “傳家寶感染 heirloom infections”:在人類從早期靈長類物種進化過程中傳給人類的感染; … Continue reading
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