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Daily Archives: June 10, 2023
Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought
人類是甚麼樣的?知識如何可能?甚麼是真理?道德價值從何而來?幾個世紀以來,諸如此類的問題一直是西方哲學的核心。在解決這些問題時,哲學家們做出了某些基本假設 —— 我們可以通過內省了解我們自己的思想,我們對世界的大部分思考都是字面上的,而理性是無形的和普遍的 —— 現在,認知科學的公認結果對這些提出了質疑。 經驗表明: ~ 大多數想法是無意識的。我們無法直接有意識地訪問思想和語言的機制。我們的想法過得太快,太深了,以至於我們無法以任何簡單的方式觀察它們。 ~ 抽象概念大多是格言式的。許多哲學主題,例如時間的本質、道德、因果關係、思想和自我,都在很大程度上依賴於從身體經驗中得出的基本隱喻。 我們對這些概念的推理中的字面意義是最小的,概念上是貧乏的,所有的豐富都來自隱喻。 例如,對於時間,我們有兩個互不兼容的隱喻,它們都將時間表示為在空間中的運動:一個是流過我們的流,另一個是我們移動的空間維度。 ~ 思想是具身的 embodied。思想需要一個身體 —— 不是在瑣碎的意義上,你需要一個物理大腦來思考,而是在深刻的意義上,我們思想的結構來自於身體的本質。幾乎我們所有的無意識隱喻都是基於共同的身體體驗。 Aristotle 宣稱 “迄今為止最偉大的事情就是成為隱喻大師” ,”這是不能從別人那裏學到的一件事; 這也是天才的標誌。” 許多哲學家和認知科學家都同意,將隱喻製作視為人類思維的一項基本活動。1980 年,加州大學伯克利分校語言學教授 George Lakoff 和俄勒岡大學哲學系主任 Mark Johnson 在 “Metaphors We Live By” 一書中幫助展示了隱喻是如何巧妙地滲透到我們的生活中的 。 生活,決定我們的思維方式並影響我們的理解。例如,我們將時間視為金錢,可以浪費、投資和花費。不使用隱喻甚至可能無法思考時間。我們使用的隱喻也與我們的文化成見有關。如果我們把國家想像成一艘在暴風雨中安全航行的船,那就意味著我們想像一個掌舵的權威領導人,而不是民主活動家的船員。隱喻構建了我們的現實。作者認為 ,這也意味著不存在“客觀真理”,“必然與我們的文化概念體係有關。”( “Metaphors We … Continue reading
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