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Daily Archives: June 15, 2023
Abolishing Freedom: A Plea for a Contemporary Use of Fatalism
最近有人提到宿命論,有人甚至説:宿命論與邏輯宿命論是不一樣,邏輯宿命論簡單而言, 是基於邏輯必然性的論證。其實,簡單來説這是一個誤解,根據 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:「儘管“宿命論”這個詞通常用來指面對某些被認為是不可避免的未來事件,或面對某些未來事件的聽天由命的態度;但哲學家通常用這個詞來指 ,我們無能為力做我們實際做的事情之外的任何事情。這種觀點可以通過多種方式進行論證:訴諸邏輯法則和形上學的必然性;通過訴諸上帝的存在和本質; 通過訴諸因果決定論。 當以第一種方式爭論時,它通常被稱為 “邏輯宿命論”(或者,在某些情況下,“形上學宿命論”); 當以第二種方式爭論時,它通常被稱為 “神學宿命論”。 當以第三種方式爭論時,它現在根本不被普遍稱為 “宿命論”。。。。」。 於此可見在當代哲學中,“宿命論” 的論證是對沒有人類行為是自由的結論的論證。從論證方法而言,這種論點通常而分為兩種:邏輯的和神學的。 邏輯宿命論的論證大致從關於未來行為的真相到這些行為是不可避免的,因此是不自由的結論。 另一方面,神學宿命論的論證大致從對未來行為的神聖信念開始,得出這些行為是不可避免的,因此是不自由的結論。 宿命論的任何論證的特點是:首先,它旨在通過訴諸非常普遍的邏輯或形上學假設來表明沒有任何人類行為是自由的;其次,它這樣做並沒有明確援引這些行為是由因果關係決定的論點 。當然,對於因果決定論與自由意志不相容( 被理解為不這樣做的能力 )的結論,有一個古老的論據,但現在人們普遍認為,提出這種論點的哲學家是在推動 “宿命論” 。 因此,認可宿命論不僅僅是認可沒有人類行為是自由的觀點,而且還認可進一步的主張 ,即可以通過訴諸所討論的一般邏輯或形上學假設來證明這一點。 這兩類宿命論的論證現在和過去都與關於未來偶然命題的邏輯狀態的哲學問題密切相關 —— 命題表示它們將要發生的因果不確定的事件。 宿命論既然涉及人的自由。但如果代表 “自由” 並不總是明智的怎麼辦? 如果有時是 “自由” 的立場背信棄義地導致鎮壓和高貴的正當化怎麼辦? 最後,如果這種情況使宿命論立場不僅合理而且是唯一能夠實現真正自由的立場怎麼辦? 那不是很好笑嗎? Frank Ruda 反駁了當代神話,即免於壓迫的自由就是選擇的自由,他復活了哲學理性主義歷史上的一個基本教訓:正確的自由概念只能從對絕對必然性、絕對決定論和宿命論的辯護中產生。 … Continue reading
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