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Daily Archives: June 25, 2023
Making Enemies: Humiliation and International Conflict
當 Saddam Hussein 的雕像倒下,伊拉克人在雕像上跳舞,用鞋子敲擊雕像時,充滿了歡樂。片刻之後,當一名美國士兵爬上雕像,將美國國旗放在雕像的臉上時,全場響起了一陣倒吸一口涼氣的聲音,這是伊拉克人的恥辱。美國人聲稱要解放他們,但他們將懸掛美國國旗視為征服的標誌。這面旗幟很快就被移除,取而代之的是伊拉克國旗,但那些緊張的時刻只是一個簡短的例子,說明了侮辱性行為的力量和潛在的深遠、不穩定的影響,即使是無意的。在這部著作中,Evelin Lindner 跨越歷史和國家,審視並解釋了這種鮮為人知、經常被忽視的情感如何引發憤怒、起義、衝突和戰爭。憑藉經驗豐富的心理學家和和平學者的洞察力、會說七種語言的語言學家的分析能力以及哥倫比亞大學教授的學術知識,Evelin Lindner 解釋了哪些言語和行為可能造成羞辱、受害者如何看待這些言語和行為、後果是甚麼,以及個人和組織如何努力避免將來再發生類似情況 。從納粹德國的羞辱行為到 Abu Ghraib 監獄等故意羞辱,從盧旺達和索馬里大屠殺期間的事件,到紐約雙子塔襲擊事件的前兆,Lindner 提供了生動的例子來解釋羞辱如何成為國際衝突的核心。 剝奪通常會導致抑鬱和冷漠,但有時會導致有組織的暴力(例如恐怖主義行為)。Evelin Lindner 在 “Making Enemies: Humiliation and International Conflict” 中提出了這樣的問題:“甚麼樣的剝奪會產生暴力報復的衝動,這種報復是在甚麼條件下以有組織的方式進行的?”Lindner 認為,答案就是羞辱。她認為,羞辱會煽動極端主義,阻礙溫和的反應和解決方案。她說,羞辱往往會摧毀所經過的一切,使其成為 “情感的核彈 the nuclear bomb of emotions” ( p 169 ) 。 儘管它在人類的許多苦難中扮演著核心角色,但令人驚訝的是,很少有研究或著作致力於這個主題。 Evelin Lindner 是一位卓有成就的社會科學家,也是一位真正的世界公民,曾在世界許多國家生活過,擁有社會心理學和醫學博士學位。Lindner 是哥倫比亞大學人類尊嚴與羞辱研究項目的創始人,該項目匯集了來自世界各地志同道合的研究人員,十多年來一直在研究和撰寫有關羞辱的文章。 這本書是對許多重要著作的引人入勝且非常可讀的總結。 Lindner 簡單地說,羞辱就是 “放下和壓制 about putting down and holding … Continue reading
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