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Daily Archives: September 6, 2023
The Complexity of Evil : Perpetration and Genocide
人們為甚麼要進行/參與種族滅絕?Timothy Williams 在他的書 The Complexity of Evil : Perpetration and Genocide 中回答了這個簡單的問題,但有一個複雜的答案。本書通過提供一個模型來探討人們為何參與種族滅絕的問題,該模型同時展示了此類動機的複雜性及其日常平庸的特徵。它發展了邪惡的複雜性模型,該模型借鑒了社會心理學、社會學、政治學、犯罪學、心理學、人類學和歷史學的方法及其對各種案例的理論、實驗和實證見解的一個跨學科模型 。該模型展示了參與種族滅絕的大多數動機是多麼複雜和多樣化,但也有多麼普通和世俗。因此,它提供了概念基礎,幫助我們了解個體低級犯罪者及其在種族滅絕中的行為,並為研究人員提供了一個工具來比較不同案件中的犯罪行為。邪惡的複雜性模型匯集了廣泛學科的研究成果,並綜合了之前的研究結果,創建了一種理解犯罪行為的創新方法。該模型創建了一個抽像模型,可以作為讀者理解各種不同案例中種族滅絕參與的啟發式方法。邪惡的複雜性模型提供了一種根據因果效應對各種因素進行系統排序的方法,區分動機、促進因素和情境條件。背景條件提供了參與發生的宏觀層面的種族滅絕背景;因此,環境是其他一切發展的必要基礎。本書重點關注在其中行動的個人如何看待這種背景以及它如何影響他們的行為。它全面介紹了模型的各個要素,從經驗和概念上介紹和解釋了它們與個人參與種族滅絕決定的相關性。因此,本書提供了參與種族滅絕的示意性方法,綜合了以前的方法並系統地排序了相關因素,開發了一個可以解釋各種案例中的犯罪行為的模型,主要討論了大屠殺、1994 年盧旺達針對圖西族的種族滅絕以及紅色高棉 20 世紀 70 年代末柬埔寨發生種族滅絕。這本書融合了以前的文獻和對前紅色高棉成員的採訪所獲得的新實地調查數據。因此,該模型既系統又抽象,並且具有經驗基礎,為理解個人參與各種種族滅絕事件提供了工具。最終,本書強調,參與種族滅絕的原因既複雜多樣,又平凡普通。 種族滅絕被認為是一種突出的犯罪行為,因為它是有意徹底消滅另一個羣體的行為。大屠殺被認為是一個典型的例子,但自那時以來,這種大規模暴力事件一再發生,例如 20 世紀 70 年代末的柬埔寨,或 90 年代初的盧旺達和解體的南斯拉夫。近年來,人們的注意力越來越多地從暴力事件轉向肇事者。 邪惡的複雜性 媒體和文化對這些肇事者的描述常常向觀眾暗示,他們本質上是邪惡的,或者狂熱地效仿極端意識形態。這種表述很容易被接受,因為它們將肇事者視為 “其他人”,視為非人 ,他們的行為是我們 “正常人” 無法想像的。然而,參與種族滅絕的原因比人們從這些敘述中想像的要複雜得多,動機也更加複雜和日常。衝突研究員兼政治學家 Timothy Williams 通過不確定性研究和社會秩序形成暗指 Hannah Arendt 的平庸之惡的觀點。探尋犯罪和種族滅絕的行為、研究並模擬了這些參與種族滅絕的更複雜的動機。 這種邪惡複雜性的想法的基礎是,總是相同的動機促使不同背景下的人成為犯罪者;與此同時,這些反復出現的動機非常多樣且複雜。一方面,這個羣體內的羣體動態是核心 :上級、同事或朋友可以施加壓力甚至威脅,有時施暴者只是感到壓力或不想被排除在羣體之外。另一方面,動機可以通過意識形態或情感與受害者羣體相關。此外,個人常常受到機會主義因素的引導,例如對物質利益、職業發展的希望,或者以種族滅絕為幌子解決個人衝突的機會。 羣體動態使匿名成為可能 … Continue reading
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