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Daily Archives: September 21, 2023
Moral Fictionalism
道德實在論者認為,道德有一個獨特的主題。 具體來說,實在論者認為道德話語是表徵性的,道德句子表達道德命題 —— 將道德屬性賦予事物的命題。相反,非認知主義者認為,與道德相關的實在論意像是虛構的,是我們非認知態度的具體化。存在獨特的道德主題的想法被認為是可以通過對道德話語調解和公開我們的非認知態度的方式進行哲學反思來揭穿的。寫實小說可能被理解為一種對話語的哲學誤解,這種話語本質上不具有代表性,但其意圖相當實用。然而,還有另一種方式來理解現實主義小說。也許道德的主題是一個無需揭穿的虛構,而是我們表達態度的手段。也許道德句子表達了道德命題,正如實在論者所主張的那樣,但在接受道德句子時,有能力的說話者並不相信所表達的道德命題,而是採取相關的非認知態度。非認知主義,就其主要意義而言,是一種關於道德接受的主張:接受道德判決不是道德信仰,而是某種其他態度。標准上,非認知主義與非事實論聯繫在一起,即道德句子的內容不在於表達道德命題。事實上,“非認知主義” 和 “非事實論” 這兩個術語可以互換使用。但這錯過了一個重要的可能性,因為道德內容可能是代表性的,但對道德句子的接受可能不是對所表達的道德命題的信仰 。這種可能性構成了一種新的非認知主義形式:道德虛構主義。非事實論者試圖揭穿道德主題的實在論虛構,而道德虛構主義者則聲稱,虛構不需要揭穿,而是通過道德話語來傳達道德接受中涉及的非認知態度的手段。 道德虛構主義是沒有非表徵語義的非認知主義。 我們真的相信我們所做的道德主張,還是只是假裝相信?在可能是 2005 年最具爭議性的後設倫理學著作中,Mark Eli Kalderon 主張 “詮釋學” 道德虛構主義:我們日常的道德判斷實踐涉及一種虛構的形式,而不是真正的信仰。儘管虛構主義的道德觀目前很流行,但這項提議與最近的其他版本截然不同,後者認為我們的道德判斷涉及系統性的錯誤信念,並建議我們最好繼續實踐道德判斷,但現在作為一個方便的虛構。因此 , “ Moral Fictionalism” 具有罕見的特色,它在一個擁擠的領域中提出了一種真正的新觀點 。這是重要的原創性貢獻,所有元倫理學者和高級學生都應該閱讀,並且參與其他哲學領域並行辯論的人也會感興趣。 當 Kalderon 審視當前的元倫理圖景時,他發現了一個困境。我們被迫在(一方面)對道德判斷內容的似是而非的觀點(作為信仰)和(另一方面)對道德態度的似是而非的觀點之間做出選擇作為某種 “影響”,背負著道德內容非代表性的令人難以置信的觀點。 他的解決方案是,道德判斷涉及對代表性內容的一種虛構的情感態度。 為了證明道德判斷主要涉及信仰以外的態度,Kalderon 提出了一個新穎而巧妙的論點。 他避開了訴諸道德態度所擁有但信仰所缺乏的動機屬性這一廣為人知的策略,而是試圖找到道德態度所缺乏的信仰的認知屬性。他聲稱,密切關注理性認知同行之間的根本分歧表明,信仰和道德判斷不受相同規範的約束。 (1) 如果對主張的接受既是 (i) 一種信念,又是 (ii) “代表他人” 或在公開調查中提出,那麼它受不自滿規範的約束:如果與認知同行對接受或拒絕該主張的理由存在分歧,我們有義務對該主張進行進一步的嚴格審查。儘管擁有相同的證據,但你與我的分歧讓我有理由重新考慮我的信念。(2)由於道德的權威,道德的接受總是代表他人。(3)然而,道德接受並不是自滿的:當我們與認知同儕存在根本的道德分歧時,我們沒有義務進一步檢視我們的道德觀點。由此可見,道德接受的態度不能是信仰。 代表他人的接受涉及認為他人 “不需要…進一步詢問——[他們]可能只是相信[某人]的話” … Continue reading
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