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Daily Archives: September 23, 2023
Mental Fictionalism: Philosophical Explorations
假設你對取消主義 Eliminative Materialism 的論點有些信服,但又對這種觀點本身感到反感。例如,您可能同意以下一個或多個考慮因素: (1) 民俗心理學或常識心理學是一種糟糕的理論,很快就會被認知科學或神經科學所取代, (2) 民俗心理學或常識心理學永遠不會被認知科學所證實。 , (3)民俗心理學或常識心理學對奇怪或幽靈般的事物作出本體論承諾,沒有適當的科學會承認它們的存在, (4)民俗心理學或常識心理學似乎會導致某種副現象主義(這是另一件奇怪和幽靈般的事情) , (5)民俗心理學或常識心理學似乎得出這樣的結論:心理內容要么由頭腦之外的事物決定,要么完全不確定,這兩者都沒有吸引力。 然而,儘管你同情(1)-(5)中的任何一個,但你可能會對它們的結果感到畏縮 ——也就是說,你可能不願意接受取消主義 Eliminative Materialism 的激進主張,即 (i)不存在信念、慾望等等,以及 (ii)我們應該停止所有相反的量化言論。 這種困境在形上學中很常見,特別是對於那些受 Quine 存有論承諾方法論指導的人。解決這種困境的一種流行的解決方案是轉向虛構主義。虛構主義策略建議:採用可疑實體 E。採用所有句子 S,這些句子似乎在存有論上將一個句子委託給 Es。將這些句子重新解釋為存有論上不承諾的句子。簡要解釋為甚麼這些句子 S 有用,或仍然應該被說出,但仍然是錯誤的(如果僅從表面上看)。 各種各樣的虛構主義已經被提出、認可和討論。它有相當多的粉絲和反對者。然而,儘管虛構主義得到了廣泛的應用,但文學中仍存在明顯的差距。沒有討論心智虛構主義 Mental Fictionalism,即我們是( 或應該是 )心理實體的虛構主義者。這從表面上看是令人驚訝的,因為心靈哲學家們一直在為如何最好地拯救民俗心理學或常識心理學和我們的日常生活而進行了長期而艱苦的鬥爭。鑑於神經科學的巨大成功和進步,信念與慾望的討論。如上所述,消除主義的考慮是相當有說服力的。然而,如果接受這些論點的代價意味著放棄我們普通的、民俗的心理學詞彙,那麼我們可能會重新考慮取消主義論點的合法性。 心智虛構主義既作為一種心理觀點,也作為一種虛構主義的敘述。心智虛構主義的一個明顯優點是,一個人可以在內心成為取消唯物主義者,但仍然保留信念與慾望的對話。心智虛構主義提出了對我們關於信仰和慾望的主張的釋義 —— 這種釋義允許這些陳述是真實的( 或至少:不是錯誤的 )。我們可以保留所有民俗心理或常識心理談話,沒有必要試圖擺脫它,或認為它會或應該永遠消失。當然,我們聲稱有隱藏的虛構操作員在起作用,對民俗心理學或常識心理學言論進行了一些修改。但這只是一個小調整。 並且要付出很小的代價。 當然,這是形上學中任何虛構主義解釋的普遍優勢:它使我們能夠保留一些有用的話語,而不需要承擔這種話語似乎需要的任何繁重的存有論承諾。 … Continue reading
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