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Daily Archives: September 26, 2023
From Fictionalism to Realism
實證主義、虛構主義和實在論是知識論、形上學和科學哲學等各研究領域經常討論的三種哲學立場或理論。 實證主義是一種強調使用科學方法來獲取關於世界的知識的哲學方法。它認為只有經驗觀察才能被視為知識,科學理論必須基於可觀察和可測量的數據。實證主義的創始人是Auguste Comte,但該理論的其他著名支持者包括 Ernst Mach 和 Rudolf Carnap。 虛構主義是一種哲學立場,認為某些陳述或理論是有用的,即使它們可能不是字面上的真實。這種方法通常用於難以或不可能確定陳述或理論的真假的情況。最著名的虛構主義者之一是 Nelson Goodman,他提出了 “創造世界 worldmaking” 的概念。 在哲學中,實在論相信存在著一種獨立於我們的思想和感知而存在的外在現實。實在論者認為,存在可以透過觀察和實驗發現的客觀事實和真理。歷史上許多哲學家都與實在論聯繫在一起,包括 Aristotle、Thomas Aquinas 和 Immanuel Kant。在當代哲學中,一些著名的實在論者包括 Hilary Putnam 和 David Lewis。 值得注意的是,這些哲學立場可能非常微妙和複雜,每種理論都有許多變體和子類型。 此外,有些哲學家可能不會完全贊同任何一種立場,而是在他們的工作中藉鑒多種理論的各個方面。 假設一個科學理論 X 得到了很好的證實,並且要么陳述要么(與某些特定的邏輯、數學和語義系統相結合)意味著 “類存在 classes exist” 之類的陳述。假設,如果該陳述不是明確的而是暗示的,則指定的系統被 R 和 F 兩個人「接受」為「最佳可用」。最後,假設 R 和 … Continue reading
Posted in 思一瓢酌 Thinking, 讀一瓢酌 Read
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