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Daily Archives: January 4, 2024
Hard to Be Human: Overcoming Our Five Cognitive Design Flaws
從由治及興、完善選舉,而至台灣選舉臨近的種種。。。深深令人感受到 Nietzsche 所曾言:“在所有動物中,人類是笨拙也是奇葩的存在。” 我們是一種奇怪的矛盾生物,一方面渴望快樂,一方面又為自己製造痛苦。 我們重溫過去的痛苦,預測未來的痛苦,並沉浸在自以為是的憤怒之中。 如果其他動物能夠像我們研究它們一樣研究我們,它們就會對我們給自己帶來痛苦的獨特能力感到困惑。 我們花費大量精力重溫過去的痛苦,預測未來的痛苦,並沉浸在自以為是的憤怒中。 其他動物會說我們是奇怪的自相矛盾的生物,他們渴望快樂,但卻是自己痛苦的根源。我們擔心我們無法控制的事。 我們一邊抱怨不被理解,一邊用挑剔的眼光看待別人。 儘管證據相互矛盾,我們仍頑固地捍衛自己的信仰。 讓這一切變得複雜的是我們努力適應我們創造的複雜世界。 他們努力適應我們自己創造的令人困惑的世界。 在我們看來,我們還沒有掌握充滿神經元的大腦,它令人難以置信的複雜性是在一個與今天截然不同的世界中進化了數千年的。 這次進化之旅的結果是什麼? 五種設計特徵通常會演變成需要修復的設計缺陷。 面對不完美的進化,人類是否束手無策呢? 答案就是激活認知的底層邏輯——元/後設認知 metacognition( p 21 )。元/後設認知,就是認知的認知,是人類對自身的 “思考過程” 進行認知和理解, 元/後設認知是一種演化上較新的意識形式,也是系統 2 的獨特優勢。( p 21 )。通俗表達,即你的每一次 “恍然大悟”,其本質上都是一 元/後設元認知被激活的過程。 “人腦是極其複雜的資訊處理裝置,是一個臨時搭建的裝置,是透過在原始操作平台上逐漸添加新組件而在很長一段時間內進化形成的。 這個難以想像的漫長發展過程(仍在進行中)最終導致了「古老的、基本的」思維系統(潛意識運作)和「現代的、特殊的」思維系統(很大程度上是有意識的)的奇特且有些草率的融合。 認知科學家通常將舊系統和新系統分別稱為系統 1 和系統 2。 每個系統都可以粗略地與不同的大腦區域相關聯,但它們之間存在顯著的解剖學重疊。 這種認知機制的整體設計存在一些重大問題──這些功能有需要修復的缺陷。” ( … Continue reading
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