海明威在《老人與海》中有句話：「一個人可以被毀滅，但不能被打敗。」
但海明威却是吞鎗自盡的。那是否意味海明威被打敗了呢？這涉及海明威的生命價值觀。依康德而言，人自殺是種不道德的行為。但若然任得生命在毫無意義下消耗下去，這無疑是被虛無侵蝕、打敗，人於是需要反抗：自殺，無疑是將生命無意義而衍生的虛無、由之所生的主導權搶奪回來，而免於失敗的一個策略：與其被無意義、虛無打敗，何不反制停止此無意義與虛無？自殺無疑是免於被打敗的策略，而虛無則毀滅了生命。
所以卡繆說：自殺是最大的哲學問題
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