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Daily Archives: January 4, 2023
The Legal Foundations of Inequality: Constitutionalism in the Americas, 1776–1860
“社會”是活的“有機體”,永遠都在成長發展中;沒有最好,袛有更好 哥倫比亞和英國脫歐的全民公投,以及美國的總統選舉,都對民主不利。 這並不是因為它們必然會降低這些國家民主政治的質量。 問題是更深層次的。 在一定程度上,自由和進步力量——無論是否有正當理由——將拒絕哥倫比亞政府談判達成的和平協議、決定離開歐盟或Trump的當選視為客觀上糟糕的選擇, 自治受到巨大壓力。 由於支持這些有爭議的決定的人採取了公開的、即使是膚淺的“民粹主義”言論,這使情況變得複雜。 在美洲孕育憲政民主的長期革命運動建立在平等主義的憲政理念之上。他們聲稱人人生而平等,具有相似的能力,並且社區應該自治。 在該地區發生的第一次憲法辯論之後,這些為革命提供合法性的有希望的平等主義主張很快就失寵了。 潛在的反民粹主義結果可能是——正如現在普遍認為有關權利的決定不應由多數人掌握一樣——與民主政治隔離的經濟或政策決定可能會慢慢變得可以接受 決定太嚴重了,不能通過普選來決定。 保守秩序的擁護者既挑戰理想,又讚成建立宗教並創造排他性政治結構的憲法。自由主義者提出了保護個人自主權和權利的憲法,但嚴格限制了多數原則。激進分子支持一個公開的多數主義憲法組織,據許多人說,該組織直接威脅到個人權利的保護。 Roberto Gargarella在本書”The Legal Foundations of Inequality: Constitutionalism in the Americas, 1776–1860“中考察了這些相反觀點在美國、阿根廷、哥倫比亞、智利、厄瓜多爾、墨西哥、秘魯和委內瑞拉等國家的憲政“創始時期”的影響,追溯了類似現象的發展:對推動基金會發展的自治和大眾統治的理想失去信心,並最終遭到拒絕 拉丁美洲和美國的憲法秩序。並探討了它們對我們時代的影響。
Posted in 思一瓢酌 Thinking, 讀一瓢酌 Read
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