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Daily Archives: January 9, 2023
The Constitution of Freedom: An Introduction to Legal Constitutionalism
從現實上看,極權/威權制度效率似乎很好:一夜之閒可以封城、一夜之間也可以開封。對他國的政府、企業可以予取予奪;隨時想封關/加以嚴苛的入境條文可以正正當當大條道理,但人家對之以同等操施時却容不得。它可以指點天下,但却容不得他人對之作出任何批評、異議。。。 憲政民主比專制更脆弱、更不“自然”。 雖然這對自滿的民主人士來說可能聽起來令人驚訝,但越來越多的人發現獨裁很有吸引力,因為他們從來沒有被迫去理解或想像什麼是專制。當前的憲政危機是對自由民主的明顯挑戰,因此了解其社會起源、影響和保護形式非常重要。 幾代人生活在穩定的民主國家,並承諾他們令人羨慕的世界將成為全球“常態”,但他們發現沒有憲政的政府統治是難以想像的。 很難,但永遠不會太晚,將自己的憲法體系視為脆弱的東西,或者是可以爭奪的東西,需要不斷的關注和照顧。 在這本”The Constitution of Freedom: An Introduction to Legal Constitutionalism”書中, Andras Sajo和Renata Uitz 探討了憲政主義如何保護我們,以及憲政主義如何以其自身的方式被推翻,並對真正的自由憲政的理論、制度和功能偏差進行了比較分析,包括其價值觀、原則和激勵措施。 這本書是一部關於當代憲政危機的性質、其原因以及原則、規範和製度受到侵蝕的實際結果的基礎性著作,可以被解釋為一部關於深深植根於啟蒙匱乏的任何類型的憲法偏差的原始百科全書 、制度不相稱,以及一些政治體制以目標為導向的意圖,以解構、質疑或限制自由民主的成就。 從這個角度來看,它應該被視為對憲政墨守成規的大膽、深刻且相當可持續的批評,它忽視了非自由法律轉型的存在,削弱了其重要性,甚至將其作為一種憲法現實主義形式予以認可。 這就是為什麼這本書應該被推薦為不僅對歐洲知識分子而且對俄羅斯知識分子都有啟發性的讀物。 在這種背景下,本書展示了當代政治制度如何削弱自由原則、議會民主、權力分立、獨立司法和個人權利的本質,同時保持憲政的所有正式方面不變,甚至利用它們來建立非自由民主。 對這些變形的無情批評使這本書成為民粹主義民主時代法律誤解、操縱和虛偽迷宮的良好指南——這對憲政秩序的真正擁護者和專制的敵人同樣有用。 這使得作者的立場相當矛盾:一方面,他們一直在尋找針對上述體質疾病的標準法律補救措施,而另一方面,他們希望在自發的心理態度中找到傳統法律框架之外的方法。 、精神偏見,甚至是憲法制定者對憲法信仰、恐懼和懷舊等項目的錯誤。 這種基於憲政精神分析觀點的方法可能有助於理解憲法病態,但對於理性的憲政建構主義作為當權政治精英的利益和損失之間的計算平衡可能沒有真正的指導意義。 本書的實證信息的範圍以及對作者主要觀點和論點的觀察使另一個結論成為可能:理性,而不是懷疑,應該是立憲主義者的首要職責。
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