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Daily Archives: January 18, 2023
The Deep History of Ourselves: The Four-Billion-Year Story of How We Got Conscious Brains
人類是唯一會說話、推理和反思我們是誰的生物,但所有生物都會做許多與我們生存相同的事情;這尤見於有些地域的人/組織,一方面張牙舞爪與他者攪對抗,但另一方面却又力求與他者相求共存以謀其利。但作為人、作為人的組織又會否接受得了這種表裏不一呢?。。。 一位領先的神經科學家 Joseph LeDoux 提供了大腦從單細胞生物進化到當今動物和人類的複雜性的歷史。 LeDoux 深入研究地球上生命的自然歷史,為我們與遠古時代祖先的相似之處提供新視角,窮追猛索的探究關於整個地球進化的調查揭示了動物神經系統如何進化、大腦如何發育以及對人類意味著什麼。 Joseph E. LeDoux 在他的”The Deep History of Ourselves: The Four-Billion-Year Story of How We Got Conscious Brains“一書中對生命史進行了廣泛的考察。 他研究了進化並放大了特定的生物體:單細胞原生動物、水母、早期兩棲動物、狗、人類和其他靈長類動物。 他認為,如果我們檢查他們獨特的生理機能和他們的“圖式”——或塑造他們對環境的反應的身體知識,我們將只能了解生物歷史和行為或特定物種。LeDoux 希望讀者既能記住又能享受,因此他將他的書分成簡短、精闢的章節,每一章都解釋了一個進化過程。 四十億年前,某種東西獲得了從周圍環境中提取能量並進行繁殖的能力,因此它符合“生命”的定義。 為了繼續生活,它必須通過避免危險和追求必需品來生存。 作者強調,行動甚至學習和記憶都不需要神經系統。 “行為不是……主要是思維的工具,而是生存的工具,”,“行為與精神生活的聯繫,就像精神生活本身一樣,是進化後的想法。” 沒有神經的生物可以活幾十億年。 原始的水螅進化出一個簡單的神經網絡,可以實現更快的反應,但由於該網絡被普遍化,無論身體的哪個部位受到刺激,水螅的行為都是相同的。 它的近親水母開發了第一個集中的神經元集合來控制游泳和獵物捕獲等特殊動作。 神經系統和大腦逐漸變得更加複雜,LeDoux 深入研究了意識、知覺、思考、記憶、語言、情感,最後是意識的本質。 像所有優秀的教育家一樣,作者的開頭很簡單。 這本書的前半部分是對進化的極好的概述; 後半部分逐漸關注大腦結構和功能。 讀者將學到大量的深層神經科學知識,儘管有大量的插圖,但他們仍需要密切關注。 … Continue reading
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